Operation Forough-e Javidan (Eternal Light)

On 26 July 1988, six days after Ruhollah Khomeini accepted UN Resolution 598 for a ceasefire in the Iran–Iraq War, the MEK's National Liberation Army launched Operation Forough-e Javidan (Eternal Light) from Iraqi territory with approximately 7,000 fighters. The offensive aimed to capture Kermanshah and march on Tehran. MEK forces initially seized the town of Islamabad-e Gharb but were met with a devastating Iranian counterattack (Operation Mersad). The MEK suffered catastrophic losses — 1,500 to 2,500 killed in three days — and the operation failed completely. This was the last land battle of the Iran–Iraq War and is widely considered to have provided the regime a pretext for the 1988 mass executions of political prisoners.